CF Note 4: Community Forestry: Herders' Decision-Making in Natural Resources Management in Arid and Semi-arid Africa













Table of Contents


prepared by
Maryam Niamir

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1990

FORESTS, TREES AND PEOPLE

Reprinted 1990, 1993

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Table of Contents


PREFACE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 LKMS in the development process
1.2 Some definitions
Endnotes

2. LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMS OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

2.1 Descriptive and predictive knowledge

2.1.1 Forms of utilization of natural resources
2.1.2 Descriptive knowledge

2.1.2.1 Climate
2.1.2.2 Soils and geomorphology
2.1.2.3 Plants and vegetation types
2.1.2.4 Water
2.1.2.5 Livestock
2.1.2.6 Wildlife
2.1.2.7 Traditional veterinary and human medicine
2.1.2.8 Measurement systems

2.1.3 Ecology and biogeography
2.1.4 Analysis

Endnotes
2.2 Management practices

2.2.1 Herd management
2.2.2 Range management

2.2.2.1 Range use: mobility, rotation and deferment
2.2.2.2 Range evaluation and monitoring
2.2.2.3 Range improvement
2.2.2.4 Social controls on range use

2.2.3 Tree and shrub management

2.2.3.1 Harvesting trees and shrubs
2.2.3.2 Regeneration of trees and shrubs
2.2.3.3 Protection of trees and shrubs

2.2.4 Hay and fodder production
2.2.5 Water management

2.2.5.1 Management of natural ponds
2.2.5.2 Water harvesting techniques
2.2.5.3 Well management
2.2.5.4 Other water resources

2.2.6 Natural resources for food and medicine
2.2.7 Analysis

Endnotes
2.3 Organization of management

2.3.1 Production systems and strategies

2.3.1.1 Systems
2.3.1.2 Strategies

2.3.2 Natural resource tenure

2.3.2.1 Rangeland tenure
2.3.2.2 Tenure of trees, water and other resources
2.3.2.3 Analysis

2.3.3 Reserves and protected areas
2.3.4 Means of enforcement of rules

2.4 Analysis
Endnotes

3. TRADITIONAL EDUCATION

Endnotes

4. VIABILITY OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMS

4.1 Forces of change

4.1.1 Colonial era
4.1.2 Post-colonial era

4.2 Viability of systems

4.2.1 Descriptive knowledge
4.2.2 Management practices
4.2.3 Organization of management

4.3 Analysis
Endnotes

5. PAST EXPERIENCE WITH LKMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

5.1 Management associations and committees

5.1.1 Fulani clubs in Niger
5.1.2 Fulani Livestock Association in Nigeria
5.1.3 Bishnois movement in India
5.1.4 The Kgotla as a forum for modern land management in Botswana
5.1.5 Hima grazing society in Uganda
5.1.6 Fulani committee for managing a borehole in Senegal
5.1.7 Afar grazier associations of Ethiopia

5.2 Grazing reserves and land tenure changes

5.2.1 Legalizing traditional grazing boundaries in the Sudan
5.2.2 Reviving grazing reserves in Somalia
5.2.3 Reviving grazing reserves in Zambia in 1940's
5.2.4 Reviving sacred groves in Madagascar
5.2.5 Hema grazing reserves in the Middle East and North Africa

5.3 Other applications

5.3.1 Restocking drought-hit Wodaabe Fulani of Niger
5.3.2 Veterinary programme in Mali
5.3.3 Using pastoralists as project researchers in Niger

Endnotes

6. POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID LANDS OF AFRICA

6.1 Methodology for the analysis of LKMS
6.2 Potential applications
6.3 Prerequisites
6.4 Recommended follow-up activities
Endnotes

7. SUMMARY OF ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Descriptive knowledge
7.3 Management practices

7.3.1 Herd management
7.3.2 Range management and social controls on grazing
7.3.3 Management of trees, shrubs and other resources

7.4 Organization of management
7.5 Education
7.6 Conclusion

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY